Medieval	American literature 1585 – 1800
Renaissance	American literature 1800 – 1865
Restoration/18th Century	American literature 1865 – 1914
Romantic	American literature 20th century
Victorian	African American Literature
20th century	Comparative Literature

Gender Studies	Cultural Studies
American Studies	Film and Media Studies
Poetry	Drama
Prose	Literary Theory
Folklore	History and Theory of Rhetoric
Native American Studies	History and Theory of Composition
Pedagogy	Service Learning
Technical and Professional Writing	Writing Center theory and research
Computers and Writing
Syntax/Semantics	Phonetics/Phonology
Morphology	Historical Linguistics
Psycholinguistics/Cognitive Science	Applied Linguistics
	Sociolinguistics

Medieval
Kelli Muzzy
8/31/04
English 760
Dr. Aune
Medieval Field Report
Medieval Field Report

Medieval: derived from the Latin word medium (middle) and aveum (age) or “The Middle Ages”

Time span: Approximately 450 to 1485 (or the end of the Roman occupation to the crowning of Henry VII)

Medieval era is often divided into two time periods: Old English and Middle English

Pre-Medieval Britain:
- Province of Rome named Britannia after the Celtic-speaking natives, the Britons
- Natives adopt roman civilization and later Christianity when Emperor Constantine converts
- Medieval or Middle Ages begin when Rome withdraws

Old English: (450-1066):
History:
Anglo-Saxon Invasion:
- After Rome withdraws, Britain is attacked by the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes (Germanic seafaring tribes) and is conquered by the Anglo- Saxons over an extended period of time
- The Briton’s native language fades, except in remote parts of Wales
- Christianity wanes, except in remote regions where Anglo-Saxons do not penetrate

- St. Augustine of Canterbury converts King Ethelbert of Kent to Christianity in 597
- Christianity has a profound impact on literacy. There were no books written prior to the reinstation of Christianity

- Ethelbert produces his code of laws, the first major writing in Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

Vikings (the Danes) and Alfred the Great:
- Vikings begin to invade in the 9th century
- this inspires The Battle of Maldon, the last Old English heroic poem

- Alfred the Great is able to stop the Vikings from 871-899 by uniting all the kingdoms of southern England

- Alfred translates Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy and probably also encouraged the translation of Bede’s History and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
(year-by-year record in Old English of important events)

1066: Norman Conquest (end of Old English)

Old English language:
- Heavily inflection language
- words change form to indicate changes in usage, such as person, place, number, tense, case, mood, etc
- Vocabulary is almost entirely Germanic
- earliest record of English language is preserved in manuscripts in monasteries beginning in the seventh century

Poetry/Literature:
Oral Tradition:
- Anglo-Saxon’s brought the tradition of oral poetry with them
- nothing was written down until the conversion to Christianity

Literature:
- most literate members of society were of the clergy. Therefore, most pieces of literature that survive are religious in nature and many derive from Latin sources
- copying was done on parchment (durable material made from animal skins) which further limited what was written down
- secular literature:
- focuses primarily on legendary or historical figures who lived before the Anglo-Saxon’s (King Arthur is an prime example of this)
- shares many characteristics with the Hellenic heroic world of Homer
- nations were groups of kin
- the tribe was ruled by a chieftain called a King
-the king surrounded himself with retainers
- king leads them into battle and rewarded them with spoils
- in return, they fight to the death for him and avenge his death
- despite the fact that Anglo-Saxon England is a Christian world who rejects such codes of behavior (namely, the revenge code), they appear to have been fascinated by their pagan ancestors and many of the heroic qualities are invoked in their own heroes (Christ as a warrior-figure)
- predominately harsh outlook on the world and romantic love hardly exists
- theme rarely strays from the theme of the glory of God
- great Old English works include Beowulf, The Battle of Maldon, Hymn
-overall effect:
- formalized and elevated speech
- moves at a slow and stately pace
- from Hymn to The Battle of Maldon, the structure and grammar remains in a strict verse form. We cannot see the changes taking place in the English language and dialect through literature
- feels like a single aristocratic voice

Middle English:
History:
1066: Norman Conquest:
- Germanic wanderers who had taken wide parts of France
- the Norman conquest severally slows the progression of the English language as Latin remains the chief language of learning, French the favored aristocratic tongue, and most other works are written in either Latin or French

1215: Magna Carta
-barons force King John to relinquish some of his power to them

1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War between France and England
- England loses all of their hold on French land except the port of Calais
- The people of England are exhausted by war

1348: Black Death (bubonic plague):
- sweeps through Europe, eradicating one quarter to a third of the population
- The result is high prices, labor shortage, and the possibility for social expansion which bred discontent
- this also allowed an increase in wealth and influence amongst the urban middle class

1378- 1417: The Great Schism:
Great Schism (2-3 rival popes, criticism by Protestants): 1378-1417
Begins with Pope Boniface and King Philip of France
Philip taxes the clergy, Boniface says the King can't
Philip forbids any gold to be released from France, Boniface backs down
Both write nasty letters back and forth claiming authority
Philip's lawyers accuse Boniface of heresy and simony (buying church
offices), Boniface prepares to excommunicate and dethrone Philip
Philip sends soldiers to arrest Boniface unless he drops the
excommunication, Boniface refuses
French commissioners hesitate to arrest Boniface. Townspeople drive the
soldiers out. Boniface returns to Rome and dies 1 month later.
King Philip pushes for his pope, Clement V.
The pope is set up in Avignon. Clement dies 10-11 years later. Papal seat
remains in Avignon for 70 years
1567: Pope Irving II: attempts to return papal seat to Rome and moves it
back to Avignon 2 years later
Pope Gregory XI: Returns to Rome and dies 1 month later
Mobs demand Italian/Roman pope. Italians elect Urban XI. Cardinals
want to return to Avignon. 11 of 16 cardinals withdraw to France and
declare Urban is not the true Pope, electing Clement VII instead. Urban
refuses to step down.
After Urban, his cardinals elect a new pope. The same is true with
Clement's cardinals.
Popes become the cardinals' puppets.
Gregory XII elected pope in Rome and says he will step down if the pope
inAvignon steps down (Benedict XII). They agree to meet in Pisa.
Neither show up. Both are condemned for schism and heresy, and the
cardinals now elect a THIRD pope (Alexander V).
Constance: Another council is called. John XXIII attempts to run away, is
tried and condemned. Gregory advocates and resigns. Benedict holds out,
but is condemned in 1417.
Finally, they elect Pope Martin V.
End of Schism

1381: Peasants’ Revolt:
- consisted mainly of tenant farmers, day laborers, apprentices, and rural workers rather than those who were attached to a household
-suppressed quickly, but not before they had burnt down John of Gaunt’s London palace and killed several people, including the archbishop of
Canterbury
- the church was a target because of its wealth and worldliness
- this was also fueled by the Great Schism

1455-85: War of the Roses:
- Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, has his cousin King Richard II killed in prison, and, as Henry IV, he succeeds to the throne and then passes it one to
Henry V
- Henry V dies early and the War of the Roses breaks out
- Roses: Red roses represent the House of Lancaster while the White roses represent the House of York
- the wars finally end when Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field and takes the throne as Henry VII, thus ending the Middle Ages

Language:
- inflectional system weakens
- large amount of words are introduced from French and many of the older words disappear
- rough phonetic system
- no standardized language
- spelling often reflects individual dialects and differs by regions (ex: Chaucer writes in a London dialect while Sir Gawain’s author writes
in a northwestern dialect)
- English begins to emerge as the dominant language
- partly due to the need for vernacular material for priests to use with commoners
- teaching in the vernacular was the most common form of preaching at this time

Literature/Art:
Drama:
- First Medieval drama, The Play of Adam
- Mystery Plays: a sequence of “cycle” of plays based on the bible and produced guilds
- Morality Plays: (emerge during this time frame) personified vices and virtues struggle for a human’s soul
- ex: “Everyman”

Literature:
Religious literature and education:
- the majority of literature during this period is religious in nature
- Medieval Latin flourishes in “the universities”
- developing in Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge
- education was taught in Latin with the focus of becoming a cleric (and possibly achieving great power and position)

Secular literature:
-Geoffrey Monmouth writes The History of the Kings of Britain which links King Arthur as a descendant of Aeneas (via Brutus). This work establishes Arthur
as a psuedohistorical figure. This is later translated into French under the title Roman de Brut by Wace.
- Layamon: English priest expanded and refines Wace’s poem by writing it in a combination of alliterative lines and rhyme. This is one of the earliest
Middle English works.

Emergence of great poets: Chaucer, author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and William Langland
- all responded to the crisis of their age Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (written in English): enforced English as a worthy language to write in
- depicts a wide range of people (different classes, different educational levels, etc)
Sir Gawain’s author produced the Middle English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as well as his religious works: Patience and Pearl Langland: produced Piers Plowman, written in alliterative verse, addressing the issues of his age
- during the Reformation he was regarded as a prophet

Mystical writings: authors, many who are women, tell of their direct experience with God:
- Julian(a) of Norwich: spent her life writing and meditating about her experience with God when she was thirty
- Margery Kempe: a housewife whose visions lead her to a spiritual life.

John Lydgate: produced “dream visions”: a life of the Virgin, translations of Troy Book, The Siege of Thebes, and The Fall of Princes (based on a
Latin work by Boccaccio)

Romance: (developed by the French)- romance comprises a large fraction of secular Middle English:
- often involves fighting against men and monsters
- often uses supernatural elements
- usually deals with a romantic love, often a married woman
- often uses the formula of a knight’s service to lord, lady, and God
- Chrétien de Troyes: father of chivalry (where a knight explores psychological and ethical problems)
- Romances of this time include: Havelok, Ywain and Gawain, Sir Orfeo, Sir Launfal, and The Weddying of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell
- Sir Thomas Malory: author of Morte Darthur: considered the last of the Medieval romances

Lays:
Lays: 2 Meanings:
1) short lyric (like Shakespeare's Sonnet 98)
2) Short narrative poem with idealized romantic outcome and supernatural elements
- developed from Celts (thus British in origin)
- Marie de France: wrote short verse romances and lays

The Middle Ages

Timeline:
ca. 450: Rome withdraws
Anglo-Saxon/Jutes (450-1100)

Ca. 523: Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy

597: St. Augustine arrives in Kent
The conversion of the Anglo-Saxon’s to Christianity begins

658-80: Caedmon’s Hymn (first recorded English poem)

731: Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People

750: Beowulf is composed

871- 899: King Alfred reigns

1066: Norman Conquest under William I, Duke of Normandy
England becomes a predominately French speaking nation
Beginning of “Middle English”

1095: Crusades begin

c. 1138: Geoffrey Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain makes
Arthur and the legends surrounding him historical figures (for
a period of time)

1152: Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, adding vast French territory
to England

1165-80: Marie de France’s Lais

1170: Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, is murdered

ca. 1200: Middle English literature begins
Layamon’s Brut

1215: Magna Carta: barons force King John to relinquish some of his
power to them

Ca. 1215- 25: Anchoresses’ Rule

1304-13: Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy

1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War between France and England
England loses all of their hold on French land except the port of
Calais

1348: Black Death (bubonic plague)

1360- 1400: Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales; Piers Plowman; Sir Gawain
and the Green Knight.

1362: Courts and Parliament are first used in England

1375-1400: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

1376: First recorded drama held in York

1378- 1417: The Great Schism

1381: Peasants’ Revolt

1382: John Wycliffe translates the bible into English

1387-99: Chaucer works on The Canterbury Tales, but never completes
the work

1399: Richard II deposed, Henry IV succeeds to the throne

1400: Richard II is murdered. Chaucer is buried in Westminster Abbey.

1415: Henry V defeats French

1431: Joan of Arc is burnt by the English at Rouen

Ca. 1432-38: Margery Kempe writes The Book of Margery Kempe

Ca. 1450-75: Wakefield’s mystery plays

1455-85: War of the Roses

1470: Sir Thomas Malory works on Morte Darthur while in prison

1476: First moveable type is introduced into England by William Caxton

1485: Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur is published (one of the first books printed in England) by William Caxton
Richard III dies at Bosworth Field; succeeded by Henry VII (Tudor dynasty)

Bibliography:

Abrahams, M.H. ed. Et. al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature Sixth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1996.

Burrow, J.A. Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and Gawain Poet. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.

Chambers, E.K. English Literature At the Close of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

Dunn, Charles W. and Edward T. Byrnes, ed. Middle English Literature. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.

Fry, Donald, ed. The Beowulf Poet, A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Greenfield, Stanley. The Interpretation of Old English Poems. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1972.

Irving, Edward Burroughs. Introduction to Beowulf. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1969.

Kane, George. Middle English Literature, A Critical Study of the Romances, the Religious Lyrics, Piers Plowman. Pennsylvania: Folcroft Press, 1969.

Lewis, C.S. The Discarded Image; An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1964.

Pope, John Collins, ed. Seven Old English Poems, Edited, With Commentary And Glossary, by John C. Pope. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.

Shepherd, Stephen H. A., ed. Middle English Romances, A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995.

Sisam, Kenneth. The Structure of Beowulf. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

Spearing, A.C. Medieval Dream-Poetry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Stenton, Doris May (Parson) Lady. English Society In the Early Middle Ages. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965.

Stenton, F.M. Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Whitelock, Dorothy. The Beginnings of English Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1972.

Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1962.

Tolkien, J.R.R. Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics. Pennsylvania: Folcroft Press, 1969.

Vasta, Edward. Middle English Survey, Critical Essays. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968.

Waller, Alfred Rayney and Sir Adolphus William Ward, eds. The Cambridge History of English Literature, Volume 2. Cambridge: University Press, 1932.

Zesmer, David M. Guide to English Literature from Beowulf through Chaucer and Medieval Drama. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1961.

Journals:
Early Medieval Europe
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies
Essays in Medieval Studies
Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England
Journal of Medieval History
The Medieval Review
Medieval Sermon Studies
The Chaucer Review
ENVOI - A Review Journal of Medieval Literature
ELH
Project Muse:
The Lion and the Unicorn, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, New
Literary History, Chaucer Review, The Catholic Historical Review, Essays in Medieval
Studies

Websites:
www.luminarium.org

Works Consulted:

Abrahams, M.H. ed. Et. al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature Sixth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1996.

Brown, Muriel. “Medieval Literature Class Lecture Notes.” North Dakota

State University. Spring semester 2004.

Dunn, Charles W. and Edward T. Byrnes, ed. Middle English Literature.

New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.

 

English Renaissance
RENAISSANCE 1485-1660

Ronda Portman
21 August 2004

1476 William Caxton sets up the first printing press in England
1492 First voyage of Columbus
1509-1547 Henry VIII (and his many wives)
1510 John Colet founds St. Paul's School in London
1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenberg
1519-1522 Circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan's fleet
1525-1526 Tyndale’s New Testament
1527 Machiavelli’s Death;
1530 Tynsdale’s Pentateuch-; Spinning wheel comes into general use
1532 Henry VIII divorces Catherine of Aragon, marries Anne Boleyn
1533-1540 Separation of the English Church of Rome
Thomas Cromwell in power--used the newly invented printing press
to spear the first propaganda campaign in English history
1535 Act of Supremacy (Henry VIII head of the Church of England)
Miles Coverdale’s first complete English Bible; Death of More
1539 The Great Bible (prepared under Cranmer)
1543 Coppernicus, On the Revolution of the Spheres
1547-1553 Edward VI
1553 Lady Jane Grey
1553-1558 Mary I, Tudor
1546-1563 Council of Trent
1549 First Book of Common Prayer and Act of Uniformity
1554 Marriage of Mary and Philip of Spain
1555 Tobacco first imported
1558 Loss of Calais (last vestige on French soil)
1558-1603 Elizabeth I
1559 Elizabethan Prayer Book
1560 Geneva Bible, early signs of English Puritanism
1568 Battle of Langside (Mary of Scotland surrenders to Elizabeth)
1569 Northern Uprising
1570 Pious V excommunicates Elizabeth-unites England and gives rise to nationalism
1571 39 Articles issued (Eliazbeth's attempt at "uniting" Catholics and Protestants)
1576 First permanent theatre in London
1577-1580 Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe in the Golden Hind
1583 Irish rebellion put down
1584-1587 First attempts to colonize Virginia
1587 Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
1588 Spanish Armada
1596 Cadiz Expedition (under Essex and Raleigh)--failure contributing to Essex's downfall
1601 Execution of the Earl of Essex; Elizabethan Poor Law
1603 James I, Stuart
1605 Gunpowder plot
1607 Jamestown, Virginia
1609 Gallileo's telescope
1611 Authorized version of the King James Bible
1619 First African slaves exchanged in the New World
1620 Plymouth Colony
1622 First English Newspaper
1649 Execution of Charles I
1649-1660 Interregnum (Cromwell's Protectorate)
1660 Restoration of Charles II

Writers/Important Works of the English Renaissance

1460-1529 John Skelton, poet
1478-1535 Sir Thomas More, political writer, Utopia (1516)
1485 Morte d'Arthur, Malory
1493-1537 Earliest editions of Everyman
1503-1542 Sir Thomas Wyatt, courtier poet
1516-1587 John Foxe, religious writer
Actes and Monuments
1517-1547 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, courtier poet
1532 Chaucer's Works, ed. William Thynne, Machiavelli's Prince published
1539-1578 George Gasciogne, courtier poet
A Hundreth Sundry Flowers, The Stele Glasse
1545 Ascham's Toxophilus
1552-1599 Edmund Spenser, poet
The Shepheardes Calendar, Amoretti & Epithalamion, The Faerie Queene
1552-1618 Sir Walter Raleigh, courtier poet, prose
The Discovery of...Guiana, The history of the World, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
1554-1586 Sir Philip Sydney, courtier poet
Astrophil and Stella, Arcadia, The Apology for Poetry
1554-1606 John Lyly, playwright, poet
Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit
1554-1628 Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, courtier poet
Caelica
1559-1634 George Chapman, Trans. Homer, Bussy D'Ambois, THe Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois,
Marlowe's Hero and Leander
1561-1626 Francis Bacon, essayist, scientist
First Edition (10 essays) 1597
1562-1621 Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, poet, translator, Psalms
1562-1619 Samuel Daniel, poet
Delia, Musophilus, A Defence of Ryme, The Civile Wars, Works
1563-1631 Michael Drayton, poet, playwright, Poly-Olbion
1564-1593 Christopher Marlowe, playwright, poet, translator
Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta, and Tamburlaine I & II
1564-1616 William Shakespeare, playwright, poet
1567-1620 Thomas Campion, poet
A Booke of Ayres, Observations in the Art of English Poesie, Lord Hayes Masque
1567-1601 Thomas Nashe, professional writer,prose
Pierce Penniless, The Unfortunate Traveler, Nashe's Lenten Stuff
*1572-1631 John Donne, poet Songs and Sonnets
1569-1645 Aemillia Lanyer, religious writer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum
1570-1632 Thomas Dekker, playwright, poet, professional writer
The Shoemaker's Holiday, Old Fortunatus, The Honest Whore, The Roaring Girl
^1572-1637 Ben Jonson, playwright, poet
1577-1640 Robert Burton, essayist Anatomy of Melancholy
1579-1625 John Fletcher, playwright, poet
The Faithful Shepherdess, The Knight of the Burning Pestle,Philaster, The Maid's Tragedy
1580-1625 John Webster, playwright, poet
The Duchess of Malfi, The White Devil
1580-1627 Thomas Middleton, playwright , poet, A Trick to Catch the Old One, The Witch
The Changeling, The Honest Whore, The Roaring Girl
1584-1616 Francis Beaumont, playwright, poet
The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Philaster, The Maid's Tragedy
^1591-1674 Robert Herrick, poet Hesperides
* 1593-1633 George Herbert, religious poet, The Temple
^1596-1666 James Shirley, playwright, poet
The Traitor, The Cardinal, Poems
^*1621-1695 Henry Vaughan, poet
Silex Scintillans, Part I, Part II
*1613-1649 Richard Crashaw, poet
Steps to the Temple, The Delights of the Muses, Carmen Deo Nostro
^*1595-1640 Thomas Carew, Poems
^1606-1687 Edmund Waller, poet
1608-1674 John Milton, poet, essayist
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistese, Comus, Areopagitica
^*1609-1642 Sir John Sucklling, courtier poet
Fragmenta Aurea, The Last Remains
*^1618-1657 Richard Lovelace, post
Lucasta, Lucasta: Posthume Poems
^1618-1667 Abraham Cowley, poet
Poetical Blossoms, The Mistress Naufragium Loculare, Poems
*1621-1678 Andrew Marvel, poet, Poems
1637-1674 Thomas Traherne, poet
Centuries of Meditations

^Metaphysical poets
*Sons of Ben or The Tribe of Ben (Cavalier Poets)

Major Themes:
Humanism Empiricism
Exploration Secularism
Neo-Classicism Print Culture
Public Theatre

Journals

Comitatus: Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
The Elizabethan Review
Explorations in Renaissance Culture
Shakespeare Magazine
The Anglo-Norman Anonymous
Arthuriana
Current Archaeology
Didascalia
Early Theatre
Exemplaria
Shakespeare Quarterly
Speculum
Bryn Mawr Classical Review
History Journals Guide
Traditio
Shakespeare
Renaissance Quarterly
Renaissance and Reformation

Electronic Journals
Chronique Journal of Chivalry
Essays in Medieval Studies
Renaissance Forum

Websites
Luminarium.org/renlit/renaissanceinfor.htm
andormeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Lit/ren.html
BBC Education Web Guide
http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/andreadis/412.outlinel.html

Other Sources:
Fall 1999 British Literature Lecture, Dr. Gary Litt, MSUM
Spring 2001 Spenser/Milton Lecture, Dr. Gary Litt, MSUM
Fall 2003 Graduate Project from website
Norton's Anthology of British Literature, 6th Ed. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: WW Norton & Co., 1996.

The Restoration and the 18th Century

Luc Chinwongs
7 September 2004

Some major developments during the Restoration and 1700’s

http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/18thcent.htm

 1660 – Charles II assumes throne, hence “Restoration”

1661 - Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chemist – challenges the four elements theory

1662 – Boyle’s law

1663 – Colonial Expansion in the Americas

1664 – Peter Stuyvesant surrenders Nieuw Amsterdam, becomes New York

1665 – Plague breaks out in London, 70,000 dead.

1666 – Great Fire of London, Newton develops calculus

1668 – John Dryden named post laureate. Francesco Dedi argues against spontaneous generation using maggots

1669 – John Milton: Paradise Lost, Hudson Bay Co. formed

1670 – Milton: Paradise Regained

1673 – Test Acts passed

1674 – Drury Lane theater opens

1675 – First portable watches invented, microscope sees protozoa for the first time

1677 – John Dryden: All for Love

1678 – Exclusion crisis: James of York (a Catholic) is denied by Parliament the right of succession

1679 – Habeas Corpus Act

1685 – James II takes the throne

1688 – James II deposed by William and Mary “Glorious Revolution”

1689 – Bill of Rights limits Monarchial power

1690 – John Locke: Essay of Humane Understanding

1695 – Congreve: Love for Love

1700 – Death of Dryden

1703 – Defoe is imprisoned, pilloried, and released, writes Hymn to the Pillory

1707 – Act of Union is signed, the United Kingdom  is formed

1720 – Declaratory Act: Westminster now governs Ireland

1727 – Principia Mathmatica translated to English

1735 – Harrison develops chronometer

1737 – Licensing Act regulates theaters in London

1738 – Bernoulli develops laws relating fluid flows to pressure

1740 – Jean Astrue: Venereal Diseases

1742 – Celcius scale established

1746 – Franklin established that lightning is electricity

1760 – Death of George II, George III claims throne

1773 – Boston  Tea Party

1775 – Water Turbine invented

1776 – Start of the American Revolution

1782 – Revolutionary war ends

 

 Authors of the Restoration and 18^th Century

 http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/18thcent.htm 

The Restoration, 1660-1702
Samuel Butler ( 1612-1680 ). Hudibras
John Evelyn ( 1620-1706 ). A Character of England
John Dryden ( 1631-1700 ). The Works of Virgil, The Conquest of Granada
John Locke ( 1632-1704 ). First-Third Letter of Toleration, Two Treatises of Government
Samuel Pepys ( 1633-1703 ). Memoirs
Aphra Behn ( 1640-1689 ). The Fair Jilt
Sir Isaac Newton ( 1642-1727 ). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
John Pomfret ( 1667 - 1702 ). The Choice
William Congreve ( 1670-1729 ). Incognita
Isaac Watts ( 1674 - 1748 ). Logic

 The Eighteenth Century From the Accession of Queen Anne until the Death of Johnson, 1702-1784
Daniel Defoe ( 1659-1731 ). Robison Crusoe
Jonathan Swift ( 1667-1745 ). Gulliver’s Travels
John Gay ( 1685-1732 ). The Present State of Wit
Alexander Pope ( 1688-1744 ). An Essay on Man
James Thomson ( 1700-1748 ). Winter, Summer, Spring
Henry Fielding ( 1707-1754 ). An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews
Samuel Johnson ( 1709-1784 ). Letters
David Hume ( 1711 - 1777 ). A Treatise of Human Nature
William Collins ( 1721-1759 ). Poetical Works
Tobias Smollett ( 1721-1771 ). Don Quixote
Christopher Smart ( 1722 - 1771 ). A Song to David
Edmund Burke ( 1729-1797 ). Reflections on the Revolution in France
Oliver Goldsmith ( 1730-1774 ). The Vicar of Wakefield
Edward Gibbon ( 1737-1794 ). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Richard Brinsley Sheridan ( 1751-1816 ). The Critic
Fanny Burney ( 1752-1840 ). Camilla
Ann Radcliffe ( 1764-1823 ). A Romance of the Forest

Bibliography

http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/18th/pro.html

Journals

1650-1850: Ideas Aesthetics and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era                                           

The Age of Johnson: A Scholarly Annual 

The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretatio

Eighteenth-Century Women 

Restoration: Studies in English Literary Culture, 1660-1700
ASECS Book Reviews Online

 

http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/cfm/academic/bib.html

Very extensive bibliography concerning 18^th studies.

 http://course.wilkes.edu/ENG334/stories/storyReader$5

 

English Drama

                    

Paula R. Backscheider, Spectacular politics: theatrical power and mass culture in early modern England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Richard W. Bevis, English drama : restoration and eighteenth century,1660-1789. New York: Longman, 1988.

Richard W. Bevis, The Laughing Tradition : Stage Comedy In Garrick's Day . Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980.

L. W. Conolly, The Censorship Of English Drama, 1737-1824. San Marino: Huntington Library, 1976.

James E. Cox, The Rise Of Sentimental Comedy. New York: The Folcroft Press, 1969.

John T. Harwood, Critics, Values, And Restoration. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.

Robert D. Hume, The Development Of English Drama In The Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.

Robert D. Hume, The London Theatre World, 1660-1800. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.

Jean B. Kern, Dramatic Satire In The Age Of Walpole, 1720-1750. Ames : Iowa State University Press, 1976.

Joseph Wood Krutch, Comedy And Conscience After The Restoration. New York, Columbia University Press, 1949.

John Clyde Loftis, The Politics Of Drama In Augustan England. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

John Clyde Loftis, Comedy And Society From Congreve To Fielding. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.

John Clyde Loftis, Sheridan And The Drama Of Georgian England. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1977.

John Clyde Loftis, Restoration Drama: Modern Essays In Criticism. New York, Oxford University Press, 1966.

Earl Roy Miner, Restoration Dramatists; A Collection Of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966.

John Leslie Palmer, The Comedy Of Manners. New York, Russell & Russell, 1962.

Eric Rothstein, Restoration Tragedy: Form And The Process Of Change. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

 

English Fiction

Bibliographies:

Jerry C. Beasley, English Fiction, 1660-1800 : A Guide To Information Sources. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1978.

Robert Donald Mayo, The English Novel In The Magazines, 1740-1815. With A Catalogue Of 1375 Magazine Novels And Novelettes. Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 1962.

Andrew Block, The English Novel, 1740-1850; A Catalogue Including Prose Romances, Short Stories, And Translations Of Foreign Fiction. London, Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1961.

Robert Donald Spector, The English Gothic : A Bibliographic Guide To Writers From Horace Walpole To Mary Shelley. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984.

Montague Summers, A Gothic Bibliography. New York, Russell & Russell, 1964.

Studies:

J.M. Armistead, The First English Novelists : Essays In Understanding: Honoring The Retirement Of Percy G. Adams. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985.

Joseph F.Bartolomeo, A New Species Of Criticism : Eighteenth-Century Discourse On The Novel. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1994.

Jerry C.Beasley, Novels Of The 1740s. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982.    

Paula R. Backscheider, Spectacular politics: theatrical power and mass culture in early modern England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Richard W. Bevis, English drama : restoration and eighteenth century,1660-1789. New York: Longman, 1988.

Richard W. Bevis, The Laughing Tradition : Stage Comedy In Garrick's Day . Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980.

L. W. Conolly, The Censorship Of English Drama, 1737-1824. San Marino: Huntington Library, 1976.

James E. Cox, The Rise Of Sentimental Comedy. New York: The Folcroft Press, 1969.

John T. Harwood, Critics, Values, And Restoration. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.

Robert D. Hume, The Development Of English Drama In The Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.

Robert D. Hume, The London Theatre World, 1660-1800. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.

Jean B. Kern, Dramatic Satire In The Age Of Walpole, 1720-1750. Ames : Iowa State University Press, 1976.

Joseph Wood Krutch, Comedy And Conscience After The Restoration. New York, Columbia University Press, 1949.

John Clyde Loftis, The Politics Of Drama In Augustan England. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963. John Clyde Loftis, Comedy And Society From Congreve To Fielding. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.

English Poetry

Bibliographies:

Donald C. Mell, English Poetry, 1660-1800: A Guide To Information Sources. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982.

Studies:

Adams, Percy G. Graces Of Harmony : Alliteration, Assonance, And Consonance In Eighteenth-Century British Poetry. Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1977.

John Arthos, The Language Of Natural Description In Eighteenth-Century Poetry. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1949.

Robert Arnold Aubin, Topographical Poetry In XVIII-Century England. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1936.

Richmond P. Bond, English Burlesque Poetry, 1700-1750. Russell & Russell, 1964.

Cecil Victor Deane, Aspects Of Eighteenth Century Nature Poetry. New York, Barnes & Noble, 1968.

Oswald Doughty, English Lyric In The Age Of Reason. New York: Russell & Russell, 1971.

Jean H. Hagstrum, The Sister Arts; The Tradition Of Literary Pictorialism And English Poetry From Dryden To Gray. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.

John Dixon Hunt, The Figure In The Landscape : Poetry, Painting, And Gardening During The Eighteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

Donald C. Mell and David M.Vieth, Eds., Contemporary Studies Of Swift's Poetry. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1981.

David B. Morris, The Religious Sublime; Christian Poetry And Critical Tradition In 18th-Century England. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972.

Marjorie Hope Nicolson, Newton Demands The Muse. Princeton: Princeton University

 

http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Biblio/satirebib.html

Standard Editions of Major Satirists

 Samuel Butler, Hudibras, ed. John Wilders. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill, ed. Douglas Grant. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.

The California Edition of the Works of John Dryden, ed. Edward Niles Hooker and H. T. Swedenborg, Jr. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1956-.

The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, ed. E. L. McAdam et al. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 1959-.

The Twickenham Edition of the Poems of Alexander Pope, ed. John Butt et al., 11 vols. in 12. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 1939-69.

The Memoirs of the Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martinus Scriblerus, ed. Charles Kerby-Miller. New York: Russell & Russell, 1950.

Jonathan Swift, Poems, ed. Harold Williams. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.

The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. Herbert Davis, 14 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-.

Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub, ed. A. C. Guthkelch and D. Nichol Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958; 2nd ed., 1973.

 Sources

Restoration and Eighteenth – Century Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.

Bronson, Harris. Facets of the Enlightenment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

Clifford, James L. Eighteenth Century English Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.

Hearn, Lafcadio. Some Strange English Literary Figures. New York: Freeport, 1965.

Nussbaum, Felicity. The New 18^th Century. New York: Metheun, Inc. 1987.

Macmillian, Gill. Society and Literature in England 1700 – 60. New York: Humanities Press, 1983.

Rogers, Pat. The Eighteenth Century. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978.

Stephen, Leslie. English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century. London: Gerald Duckworth and Co., 1965.

Romantic Era

Brent Jaenicke
7 September 2004

The Victorian Era

Danielle Kvanvig
14 September 2004