Microbiology 435: Hematology
Study questions for Exam 2
Spring 2000
1. What is the difference between an erythrocyte and an
erythron?
2. Describe what happens to a rubriblast in terms of
size, chromatin pattern, presence of nucleoli, nuclear shape
and presence, color of the cytoplasm and presence of
hemoglobin as it develops to an erythrocyte.
3. The rubricyte stage of erythropoiesis has a lavender
cytoplasm. There is a blue component and a pink component
that makes the lavender color. What causes each color?
4. In response to extreme stress and demand for
hematopoietic cells due to bone marrow failure, which two
organs can revert to hematopoietic activity after birth?
5. What is the difference between red marrow and white or
yellow marrow?
6. Regulation of erythropoiesis is influenced by many
body proteins such as cytokines and hormones. The greatest
erythropoietic stimulator is __.
7. EPO is produced in response to __.
8. 90% of the EPO is produced by what organ?
9. List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis from the
blast stage to the mature stage.
10. A cell at the reticulocyte stage in peripheral blood
will appear (larger, smaller) than a mature erythrocyte.
11. The last nucleated stage of erythropoiesis is the __
stage.
12. What are "late reticulocytes?"
13. What is the size and shape of a mature
erythrocyte?
14. When looking at an erythrocyte on a stained smear,
what causes the central pallor of the cell?
15. Normal erythrocytes are describes as
normocytic/normochromic. What does that mean?
16. What terms would you use to describe a small, pale
erythrocyte?
17. If you couldn't tell is the erythrocytes on a smear
where the normal size or not, what other blood cell
component could you use as a size marker?
18. Mature erythrocytes derive energy from what metabolic
process?
19. Which two closely linked pathways are responsible for
this process mentioned in question 19?
20. Know and be able to diagram the Embden-Meyerhof
pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt. (just kidding)
(really) (I wouldn't do that to you)
21. Your book lists three functions of erythrocytes. What
are they?
22. What is normal blood pH?
23. Hemoglobin associated with oxygen is called __ and is
found in highest concentration in __ blood. Why?
24. Hemoglobin after it has lost its oxygen is called __
and is found in highest concentration in __ blood.
25. What are and what causes Heinz bodies?
26. When iron in hemoglobin is oxidized to the ferric
state it cannot bind with oxygen. What is this type of
hemoglobin called?
27. What terms would you use to describe a large, dark
erythrocyte?
28. How many months does a mature erythrocyte survive in
peripheral blood?
29. Which type of hemoglobin is nearly irreversible
because the molecule involved has over 200 times greater
affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen? Hint: think
peaceful death
30. How many globulin chains and heme groups make up one
hemoglobin molecule?
31. The ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind with
oxygen is the __.
32. Where do heme and globulin synthesis occur in
erythrocytes?
33. What gives hemoglobin its color?
34. What's the difference between extravascular homeless
and intrvascular homeless?
35. Define transferrin, hemosiderin, ferritin, and
haptoglobin.
36. In order for hemoglobin to function properly iron
must be in what state?
37. Adult hemoglobins in erythrocytes contain which three
classifications of hemoglobin and what is the globulin chain
makeup of each type?
38. Bright cherry red blood is associated with which
abnormal hemoglobin?
39. Green blood is associated with which abnormal
hemoglobin?
40. When hemoglobin is broken down what happens to the
globulin chains, the iron, and the protoporphyrin?
41. Be able to identify a target cell, a schistocyte, a
teardrop cell, an acanthocyte, a spherocyte, a helmet cell,
and a burr (crenated) cell if I have a drawing on the
exam.
42. What do the MCV and the MCHC measure?
43. What descriptive terms are associated with MCV
evaluation of erythrocytes?
44. The laboratory test that measures the percentage of
erythrocytes in a whole blood sample is the __.
45. What three descriptive terms are associated with the
MCHC evaluation of erythrocytes?
46. A variation in size of erythrocytes is called __.
47. A variation in shape of erythrocytes is called
__.
48. Which supravital stain is used to do a reticulocyte
count and what does the stain do that makes the count
possible?
49. The pathophysiologic classification of anemia is
based on one of two processes that will result in anemia.
What are they?
50. The morphological classification of anemia is based
on the size of erythrocytes seen in peripheral blood. What
three terms are used to describe the size of
erythrocytes?
51. Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes is associated
with which toxicity?
52. What is the difference between porphyria and
thalassemia?
53. What stain would you want to use if you were looking
for iron in macrophages?
54. Asynchronous maturation and megaloblastic cells are
associated with what nutritional deficiency?
55. How does relative anemia differ from absolute
(pathological) anemia?
56. How does hemoglobinopathy differ from
thalassemia?
57. What is absolute polycythemia? How does it differ
from relative polycythemia?
58. What do erythrocytes associated with autoimmune
hemolytic anemia look like?
59. A Howell-Jolly body is made up of __.
60. In an anemic state, the bone marrow response can be
classified as either __ or __.
61. If the bone marrow was responding to an anemic state
what are three morphological signs you could see on a
stained blood smear?
62. What is the name of the disease that results in a
massive destruction of erythrocytes at night and loss of
hemoglobin in the urine?
63. Sickle cell anemia is associated with infarcts and
necrosis due to anoxia of tissue. What exactly does that
mean?
64. The organ that is primarily responsible for the
removal of dead, dying or abnormal erythrocytes is the
__.
65. The test that measures the amount of transferrin that
is not bound to iron is the __.
|