6)  Explain what is really happening when a planet (say, Mars)
    executes retrograde motion.


Answer this by describing what you saw in the computer simulation that showed the planets moving in their orbits together with the appearance of the sky from Earth. The crucial point is that a planet executes retrograde motion across the sky when it passes Earth in its orbit, or when Earth passes it. To give a really good answer, you might give the background information that the apparent position of the planet in the sky is determined solely by the direction you have to look in order to see it, and this direction changes, relative to the direction you have to look to see some star, as the planet and the Earth move in their orbits.